Kinetic: The PhyMath Quiz (Week 1)

This is going to be a weekly quiz on topics from Science and Mathematics. Every week, we will upload 5 questions. The answers to those questions will be uploaded in a week. You can try and answer them in the comments section and later match your answers with the correct ones.

Beginning with the first set:

1) The following excerpt is taken from the article written on the famous physicist and mathematician X, who died recently in February 2020.

"When today’s younger scientists asked X how it felt to be a physicist at the Institute in 1948, in those halcyon days when giants like Y and Z roamed the grounds, he had great pleasure telling them he wasn’t impressed at all by the famous men. Y rarely came to seminars, only when his friend Max von Laue visited, and Z did little physics. No, his young colleagues inspired him the most."

Here, Y is known for his simplistic approach to teaching and writing papers immortalised in his quote 'if you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough'.

And Z is best known for his work on the Manhattan project.

ID X, Y, Z.

(Question by Chaitanya, II Physics)

2) Andre Geim was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in 2000 for levitating a frog using its intrinsic magnetism, that makes him the only individual, as of 2020, to have received both Nobel and Ig Nobel prizes. For his work on which revolutionary material, a material whose high strength and very light weight makes its an ideal conductor, did he receive his Nobel?

(Question by Rohit, II Physics)

3) The Codex Leicester is a collection of handwritten scientific writings by X. The manuscript currently holds the record for the second highest sale price of any book. It was sold to Bill Gates at an auction for US$30,802,500 (equivalent to $53,222,898.79 in 2019). The Codex provides an insight into the inquiring mind of the definitive Renaissance artist, scientist and thinker as well as an exceptional illustration of the link between art and science and the creativity of the scientific process. Give X.
(Question by Rahul, II Physics)

4) At times Physicists and Cryptologists prefer informal language and X & Y are used almost universally in thought experiments. We can think of X & Y as purveyors of composite systems and laboratory setups of every description. Although one may think that their origins lie in the military, no such claims have been proven. Their inventory and expertise are only limited by our imagination. Frequently X & Y can not do the job alone and require help from Z. Give X, Y & Z.

(Question by Rahul, II Physics)

5) The snippet below is from a comic in the series: The Adventures of Tintin. Known for its accuracy in depicting places and processes, the comics have had a knack to explain and show very complicated techniques in a way that any person can understand them very easily.
This here is also such a depiction. The different coloured markings are there to hide some of the main components of the processes. Try and guess what they are. The blue part is 2 words. The red is the 'main part' and has different kinds of mentions which have been hidden. The yellow part is single worded.

(Question by Chaitanya, II Physics)